Prevention of congenital cardiovascular defects has been hampered by a lack of information
about modifiable risk factors for abnormalities in cardiac development. Over the past …

The key role of vitamin A in embryonal development is reviewed. Special emphasis is given
to the physiological action of retinoids, as evident from the retinoid ligand knockout models …

Congenital heart disease (CHD) has many forms and a wide range of causes. Clinically, it is
important to understand the causes. This allows estimation of recurrence rate, guides …

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient whose deficiency is still a major health concern in
many regions of the world. It plays an essential role in human growth and development …

Autism is one of a group of developmental disorders that have devastating lifelong effects on
its victims. Despite the severity of the disease and the fact that it is relatively common (15 in …

Environmental teratogenic factors (eg alcohol) are preventable. We focus our analysis on
human teratogenic drugs which are not used frequently during pregnancy. The previous …

Background: In several countries, risk classification systems have been set up to summarise
the sparse data on drug safety during pregnancy. However, these have resulted in …

Exposures to drugs, chemical and biological agents, therapeutic radiation, and other factors
before and after birth can lead to pediatric or adult cardiovascular anomalies. Furthermore …

Discusses the teratology of congenital malformations in humans and the establishment of
their environmental causes. The article first explores various aspects of congenital …

An adequate supply of iron is essential for normal development of the fetus and newborn
child. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) during pregnancy increase the risk of …