The study of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is rapidly progressing in many aspects. Novel
BoNTs are being discovered owing to next generation sequencing, but their biologic and …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is considered the gold standard for the treatment of focal
post-stroke spasticity (PSS). However, a recently published study estimated that a significant …

Objective: To evaluate safety (primary objective) and efficacy of increasing doses (400 U up
to 800 U) of incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin, Merz Pharmaceuticals GmbH) for patients with …

Stroke remains a significant global health burden, necessitating comprehensive and
innovative approaches in rehabilitation to optimize recovery outcomes. This paper provides …

Stroke patients can develop spasticity and spasticity-related pain (SRP). These disorders
are frequent and can contribute to functional limitations and disabling conditions. Many …

Spasticity is one component of the upper motor neuron (UMN) syndrome resulting from a
multitude of neurologic conditions, such as stroke, brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple …

Arthritis pain affects people's long-term health, and recent studies have demonstrated that
transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) plays a crucial role in arthritis pain. In …

Objective To compare the effect of extracorporeal shock-wave therapy (ESWT) applied at the
muscle belly and myotendinous junction on spasticity in the upper and lower limbs of …

Poststroke spasticity affects up to one-half of stroke patients and has debilitating effects,
contributing to diminished activities of daily living, quality of life, pain, and functional …

Spasticity is a frequent symptom in stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral or spinal trauma, and
cerebral palsy that affects and disables a large number of adults and children. In this review …