Mitokines are signaling molecules that enable communication of local mitochondrial stress
to other mitochondria in distant cells and tissues. Among those molecules are FGF21 …

Physiological reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of intercellular signal
transduction. Oxidative and antioxidation systems maintain a dynamic balance under …

Humanin (HN) is a small mitochondrial-derived cytoprotective polypeptide encoded by
mtDNA. HN exhibits protective effects in several cell types, including leukocytes, germ cells …

Simple Summary Humanin is a small mitochondrial-derived peptide still under study, with a
number of potential therapeutic applications for various age-related diseases. It plays an …

Mitochondria provide energy to the cell during aerobic respiration by supplying~ 95% of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules via oxidative phosphorylation. These organelles …

Advanced age is associated with a decline in cognitive function, likely caused by a
combination of modifiable and non-modifiable factors such as genetics and lifestyle choices …

Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are a series of peptides encoded by mitochondrial
DNA, and have similar functions to mitochondria. At present there are three types of MDPs …

Mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) are small peptides hidden in the mitochondrial DNA,
maintaining mitochondrial function and protecting cells under different stresses. Currently …

A decline in mitochondrial quality and activity has been associated with normal aging and
correlated with the development of a wide range of age-related diseases. Here, we review …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of death in the United States.
Advancing age is a primary risk factor for developing CVD. Estimates indicate that 20% of …