The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant of
concern, first identified in November 2021, rapidly spread worldwide and diversified into …

Abstract Omicron BA. 2.86 subvariant differs from Omicron BA. 2 as well as recently
circulating variants by over 30 mutations in the spike protein alone. Here we report on the …

SARS-CoV-2 variants acquire mutations in the spike protein that promote immune evasion
and affect other properties that contribute to viral fitness, such as ACE2 receptor binding and …

Over three years' pandemic of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), multiple
variants and novel subvariants have emerged successively, outcompeted earlier variants …

Substitutions that fix between SARS-CoV-2 variants can transform the mutational landscape
of future evolution via epistasis. For example, large epistatic shifts in mutational effects …

Abstract Knowledge of the fitness effects of mutations to SARS-CoV-2 can inform
assessment of new variants, design of therapeutics resistant to escape, and understanding …

SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, with many variants evading clinically authorized
antibodies. To isolate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with broadly neutralizing capacities …

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants alters the efficacy of existing immunity, whether
arisen naturally or through vaccination. Understanding the structure of the viral spike assists …

The antiviral benefit of antibodies can be compromised by viral escape especially for rapidly
evolving viruses. Therefore, durable, effective antibodies must be both broad and potent to …

H5 influenza is considered a potential pandemic threat. Recently, H5 viruses belonging to
clade 2.3. 4.4 b have caused large outbreaks in avian and multiple nonhuman mammalian …