Regeneration, the replacement of lost body parts, is widespread yet highly variable among
animals. Explaining this variation remains a major challenge in biology. Great strides have …

Caudal autotomy, the ability to shed the tail, is common in lizards as a response to attempted
predation. Since Arnold's substantial review of caudal autotomy as a defence in reptiles 20 …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

A consideration of some of the most common questions about animal minds. Do birds have
feelings? Can fish feel pain? Could a honeybee be anxious? For centuries, the question of …

Insects have evolved various types of antipredator defenses. For example, many insects
have evolved crypsis, and exhibit cryptic body colors and shapes for hiding from predators …

The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little
attention has been paid to the ecological, life‐history and behavioural circumstances under …

An animal's behaviour can influence many variables, such as its energy reserves, its risk of
injury or mortality, and its rate of reproduction. To identify the optimal action in a given …

Autotomy, the self‐induced loss of a body part, occurs throughout Animalia. A lizard
dropping its tail to escape predation is an iconic example, however, autotomy occurs in a …

Mechanical injury is a prevalent challenge in the lives of animals with myriad potential
consequences for organisms, including reduced fitness and death. Research on animal …

We consider evidence that crustaceans might experience pain and stress in ways that are
analogous to those of vertebrates. Various criteria are applied that might indicate a potential …