Deimatic behaviours, also referred to as startle behaviours, are used against predators and
rivals. Although many are spectacular, their proximate and ultimate causes remain unclear …

The theory of warning signals dates back to Wallace but is still confusing, controversial and
complex. Because predator avoidance of warningly coloured prey (aposematism) is based …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Conspicuous warning signals of unprofitable prey are a defense against visually hunting
predators. They work because predators learn to associate unprofitability with bright …

Aposematic theory has historically predicted that predators should select for warning signals
to converge on a single form, as a result of frequency‐dependent learning. However …

Cognitive ecology integrates cognition, ecology, and neurobiology in one topic and has
recently broadened into an exciting diversity of themes covering the entire range of cognition …

The selective advantage of chemical defenses is evident by its occurrence in many groups
of organisms. Toxic and unpalatable substances are often employed by organisms to avoid …

Predators may either learn to avoid aposematic prey or may avoid it because of an innate
bias. Learned as well as innate avoidance has been observed in birds, but the existing …

Aposematic species exploit the ability of predators to associate, for example, conspicuous
colouration with the unprofitability of prey. We tested the importance of colour for avoidance …

Animals may exhibit preference for colors that match their environment or the resources in
the environment. These preferences may impact ability to learn associations with these …