C and N are the most important essential elements constituting organic compounds in
plants. The shoots and roots depend on each other by exchanging C and N through the …

The ancestors of modern cyanobacteria invented O2-generating photosynthesis some 3.6
billion years ago. The conversion of water and CO2 into energy-rich sugars and O2 slowly …

Symbiotic interactions were key to the evolution of chloroplast and mitochondria organelles,
which mediate carbon and energy metabolism in eukaryotes. Biological nitrogen fixation, the …

Determining the subcellular localization of a protein is an important first step toward
understanding its function. Here, we describe the properties of three well-known N-terminal …

Motivation: The prediction of localization sites of various proteins is an important and
challenging problem in the field of molecular biology. TargetP, by Emanuelsson et al.(J. Mol …

A comprehensive understanding of the origin and spread of plastids remains an important
yet elusive goal in the field of eukaryotic evolution. Combined with the discovery of new …

Chloroplast retrograde signaling networks are vital for chloroplast biogenesis, operation,
and signaling, including excess light and drought stress signaling. To date, retrograde …

Proteins are intimately involved in executing and controlling virtually all cellular processes.
To understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie plant phenotypes, it is essential to …

Most chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus and synthesized on free, cytosolic
ribosomes in precursor form. Each precursor has an amino‐terminal extension called a …

Background Mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels provide a mechanism for the perception
of mechanical stimuli such as sound, touch, and osmotic pressure. The bacterial MS ion …