Gap junctions are essential to the function of multicellular animals, which require a high
degree of coordination between cells. In vertebrates, gap junctions comprise connexins and …

The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and
conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac …

In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on
growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac …

The mammalian heart is the first functional organ, the first indicator of life. Its normal
formation and function are essential for fetal life. Defects in heart formation lead to …

The QRS interval, from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of the S wave on an
electrocardiogram, reflects ventricular depolarization and conduction time and is a risk factor …

The sinoatrial node initiates the heartbeat and controls the rate and rhythm of contraction,
thus serving as the pacemaker of the heart. Despite the crucial role of the sinoatrial node in …

TBX5 is a member of the T-box transcription factor family and is primarily known for its role in
cardiac and forelimb development. Human patients with dominant mutations in TBX5 are …

Pacemaker and conduction system myocytes play crucial roles in initiating and regulating
the contraction of the cardiac chambers. Genetic defects, acquired diseases, and aging …

The sinus node (or sinoatrial node [SAN]), the pacemaker of the heart, is a functionally and
structurally heterogeneous tissue, which consists of a large “head” within the right caval vein …

The myriad developmental roles served by the T-box family of transcription factor genes defy
easy categorization. Present in all metazoans, the T-box genes are involved in early …