The pharmacology and toxicology of a broad variety of therapies and chemicals have
significantly improved with the aid of the increasing in vitro models of complex human …

Chemotherapy for tumors occasionally results in drug resistance, which is the major reason
for the treatment failure. Higher drug doses could improve the therapeutic effect, but higher …

Despite the rapid development of novel drug delivery systems, the limited intratumor
accumulation of drugs and immunomodulatory function of drug nanovehicles still limit their …

Recent research studies have shown that the low survival rate of liver cancer is due to drug
resistance and metastasis. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), activated hepatic stellate …

The exposure of cancer cells to subtherapeutic drug concentrations results in multidrug
resistance (MDR). The uniqueness of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) with larger …

Abstract 3D printing first came into existence in the year 1984. Since then, it has found
significant use in various fields, including pharmaceutical industries. 3D printing is a process …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a novel technology that enables the creation
of 3D structures with bioinks, the biomaterials containing living cells. 3D bioprinted …

Background Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer applications have extended from tumor
cells to multidrug-resistant tumor cells. However, their transportation in multidrug-resistant …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) of tumors has been recognized as an important cause of
chemotherapy failure, which is responsible for about 90% of cancer deaths. Therefore, it is …

Loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) impairs DNA double-strand repair and
confers sensitivity to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis). However, PARPis …