This review provides a critical analysis of the central nervous system effects of acute and
chronic methamphetamine (MA) use, which is linked to numerous adverse psychosocial …

Methamphetamine (METH) is an illicit psychostimulant that is widely abused in the world.
Several lines of evidence suggest that chronic METH abuse leads to neurodegenerative …

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) has been applied to numerous clinical
studies, especially for neurological disorders. This technique can non-invasively evaluate …

Developed as an amphetamine derivative, methamphetamine quickly became a popular
medication during the 1940s and 1950s, prescribed for a variety of indications. Extensive …

Despite the widening use of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), neurocognitive
impairment remains common among HIV-infected (HIV+) individuals. Associations between …

Background: To determine how serious a confound substance use (SU) might be in studies
on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), we examined the relationship of SU …

Approximately 37 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). One highly significant complication of HIV infection is the development of HIV …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS)
shortly after infection and becomes localized in varying concentrations in different brain …

Administration of amphetamine and methamphetamine can elicit psychiatric adverse effects
at acute administration, binge use, withdrawal, and chronic use. Most troublesome of these …

Different pathologic patterns in multiple sclerosis (MS) are reflected by alterations of
metabolites in 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain. Elevated choline (Cho), lactate (Lac), lipids …