Three types of vascular dysfunction have been described in multiple sclerosis (MS). First,
findings from epidemiological studies suggest that patients with MS have a higher risk for …

Extracranial venous abnormalities, especially jugular venous outflow disturbance, were
originally viewed as nonpathological phenomena due to a lack of realization and …

Background: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently described in
patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). A subject is considered CCSVI positive if≥ 2 venous …

Background Recent studies using colour-coded Doppler sonography showed that chronic
impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system is almost exclusively found in …

Importance Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
restricted venous outflow from the brain and spinal cord. Whether this condition is …

Objective: It is still unclear whether chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is
associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), because substantial methodological differences …

Purpose To investigate the differences in the extracranial venous system in patients with
multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy control (HC) subjects by using magnetic resonance (MR) …

Background: Extracranial venous stenosis (EVS) has recently been implicated as the
primary cause of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine …

Under the auspices of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease (ISNVD), four
expert panel committees were created from the ISNVD membership between 2011 and …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CCSVI was recently described in patients with MS. CCSVI
is diagnosed noninvasively by Doppler sonography and invasively by catheter venography …