Spectacular progress in molecular biology, genome-sequencing projects and genomics
makes this an appropriate time to attempt a comprehensive understanding of the molecular …

Neuronal networks are the standard heuristic model today for describing brain activity
associated with animal behavior. Recent studies have revealed an extensive role for a …

Social cues modulate the performance of communicative behaviors in a range of species,
including humans, and such changes can make the communication signal more salient. In …

A young male zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) learns to sing by copying the vocalizations
of an older tutor in a process that parallels human speech acquisition. Brain pathways that …

Most memristor-based neural networks only consider habituation under repeated stimuli, but
the emotional habituation under repeated emotional stimuli is ignored. In this article, a …

Speech has long been thought of as a uniquely defining characteristic of humans. Yet song
birds, like humans, communicate using learned signals (song, speech) that are acquired …

The study of multimodal communication has become an active and vibrant field. This special
issue of Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology brings together new developments in this …

Recent evidence shows that brain-derived steroids such as estrogens (“neuroestrogens”)
are controlled in a manner very similar to traditional neurotransmitters. The advent of in vivo …

The term levels of analysis has been used in several ways: to distinguish between ultimate
and proximate levels, to categorize different kinds of research questions and to differentiate …

Activation of the protease caspase-3 is commonly thought to cause apoptotic cell death.
Here, we show that caspase-3 activity is regulated at postsynaptic sites in brain following …