BACKGROUND microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene
expression at the post-transcriptional level. Recent research has shown that miRNAs and …

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) has captivated the imagination of Man for millennia because its
most extreme manifestation, the single‐eyed cyclopic newborn infant, brings to mind the …

Human uterine leiomyomas (ULMs) are the most common neoplasms of women. Many
genes are dysregulated in ULMs and some of this dysregulation may be due to abnormal …

Retinoic acid (RA) is essential for normal vertebrate development, including the patterning of
the central nervous system. During early embryogenesis, RA is produced in the trunk …

Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling has an increasing interest in regenerative
medicine as a potential tool to repair cartilages, however the chondrogenic effect of this …

Macrophages are versatile immune cells that can detect a variety of pathogen-associated
molecular patterns through their Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In response to microbial …

Myopia is the most common cause of visual impairment worldwide. Genetic and
environmental factors contribute to the development of myopia. Studies on the molecular …

Müller glia are the resident radial glia in the vertebrate retina. The response of mammalian
Müller glia to retinal damage often results in a glial scar and no functional replacement of …

Systems biology is the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the interactions between
all of the components of biological systems over time. Systems biology involves an iterative …

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common developmental defect of the forebrain
characterized by inadequate or absent midline division of the forebrain into cerebral …