Significance: Hypertrophic scarring is a challenging issue for patients and clinicians. The
prevalence of hypertrophic scarring can be up to 70% after burns, and patients suffer from …

Brain microvascular endothelial cells form the interface between nervous tissue and
circulating blood, and regulate central nervous system homeostasis. Brain microvascular …

The “amyloid hypothesis” has dominated Alzheimer research for more than 20 years, and
proposes that amyloid is the toxic cause of neural/synaptic damage and dementia. If correct …

Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disability and the third leading cause of death in the
United States. While most research thus far has focused on acute stroke treatment and …

Cerebral ischemia is a common refractory brain disease, resulting from a reduction in the
blood flow to the brain. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to ischemic stroke and brain injury …

Lipid sensor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) is the master
regulator of lipid metabolism. Dietary release of endogenous free fatty acids, fibrates, and …

Ethnopharmacological relevance Fructus gardenia is widely used for treatment of stroke and
infectious diseases in Chinese medicine. Geniposide is the key bioactive compound related …

Inflammatory reactions play a key role in the cerebral injury after stroke or other ischemic
brain diseases. Curcumin, which is extracted from herb turmeric, has been reported to have …

Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1 is essential for the development of the nervous system, and
is present in many cell types. Relatively little is known about IGF‐1 expression in brain …

Placental growth factor (PlGF) is involved in the angiopoiesis of the placental chorion and
the maintenance of the placenta. Some additional roles of PlGF in other tissues have …