The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

From its origins in how the brain controls the endocrine system via the hypothalamus and
pituitary gland, neuroendocrinology has evolved into a science that now includes hormone …

Hypertension remains the leading cause of disease burden worldwide. Hypertension can
originate in the early stages of life. A growing body of evidence suggests that oxidative …

Glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles is a prerequisite for its regulated neurosecretion.
Here we functionally identify a second isoform of the vesicular glutamate transporter …

Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is one of the earliest complications of type 2 diabetes
(T2D), presenting a silent cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent research …

In spite of significant progress in pharmacotherapy the incidence of newly diagnosed cases
of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular morbidity is alarmingly high. Treatment of …

Cranial visceral afferents activate central pathways that mediate systemic homeostatic
processes. Afferent information arrives in the brainstem nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) …

For more than 100 yr, scientists have studied the sympathetic nervous system and its
cardiovascular control mechanisms. Muscle sympathetic activity is the most important direct …

The baroreceptor reflex controls arterial pressure primarily via reflex changes in vascular
resistance, rather than cardiac output. The vascular resistance in turn is dependent upon the …

The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally
studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such …