Cellular hypoxia occurs when the demand for sufficient molecular oxygen needed to
produce the levels of ATP required to perform physiological functions exceeds the vascular …

The metabolically hostile tumour microenvironment imposes barriers to tumour-infiltrating
immune cells and impedes durable clinical remission following immunotherapy. Metabolic …

Hypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors, and develops because of the rapid growth of
the tumor that outstrips the oxygen supply, and impaired blood flow due to the formation of …

Through the successes of checkpoint blockade and adoptive cellular therapy,
immunotherapy has become an established treatment modality for cancer. Cellular …

The growing field of immune metabolism has revealed promising indications for metabolic
targets to modulate anti-cancer immunity. Combination therapies involving metabolic …

Natural killer (NK) cells, which are innate lymphocytes endowed with potent cytotoxic
activity, have recently attracted attention as potential anticancer therapeutics. While NK cells …

With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made
in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the …

Characterized by the expression of the critical transcription factor forkhead box protein P3,
regulatory T (Treg) cells are an essential part of the immune system, with a dual effect on the …

Cancer progression often benefits from the selective conditions present in the tumour
microenvironment, such as the presence of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) …

Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming and switch to a 'glycolysis-
dominant'metabolic profile to promote their survival and meet their requirements for energy …