What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Starting out as a model for developmental biology, during the last decade, zebrafish have
also gained the attention of the immunologists and oncologists. Due to its small size, high …

Genome-wide association studies have identified risk loci linked to inflammatory bowel
disease (IBD)—a complex chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. The …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, whose differentiation and function are controlled by X
chromosome-encoded transcription factor Foxp3, are generated in the thymus (tTreg) and …

The attenuation of ancestral pro-regenerative pathways may explain why humans do not
efficiently regenerate damaged organs. Vertebrate lineages that exhibit robust regeneration …

Type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1 cells) that produce interleukin 10 (IL-10) are instrumental in
the prevention of tissue inflammation, autoimmunity and graft-versus-host disease. The …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that belongs to
the family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. Although the AhR was initially …

Cytokines, produced at the site of entry of a pathogen, drive inflammatory signals that
regulate the capacity of resident and newly arrived phagocytes to destroy the invading …

The immune response is normally controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, Treg
deficits are found in autoimmune diseases, and therefore the induction of functional Tregs is …

Interleukins are a subgroup of cytokines, molecules involved in the intercellular regulation of
the immune system. The term interleukin was first coined in 1979 to refer to molecules that …