The procurement and management of nutrients and ability to fight infections are fundamental
requirements for survival. These defense responses are bioenergetically costly, requiring …

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is amongst the most notable causes of years of life lost worldwide
and its prevalence increases perpetually. The disease is characterized as multisystemic …

Exposure to ubiquitous plastic-associated endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is
associated with the increased risk of many chronic diseases. For example, phthalate …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with high morbidity and mortality rates
worldwide. Doublecortin‐like kinase 1 (DCLK1), a microtubule‐associated protein kinase, is …

Chronic low-grade inflammation has been identified as a major contributor in the
development of atherosclerosis. Nuclear Factor-κappa B (NF-κB) is a critical transcription …

Vitamin D is acknowledged to play an important biological and metabolic role in adipose
tissue, which is also the main storage site for this vitamin. Its anti-inflammatory effect in …

Highlights•Report reveals the pathological cascade in metabolic disorders.•Molecular
signalling explain how gut bacteria leads to diabesity.•Report explains the vicious circle of …

Costunolide (CTD) is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from costus root and exhibits various
biological activities including anti-inflammation. Since atherosclerosis is a chronic …

Insulin resistance (IR) refers to a reduction in the ability of insulin to exert its metabolic
effects in organs such as adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM), leading to chronic …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common chronic liver
disease with many metabolic comorbidities, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular …