Health-care-associated infections are the most prevalent adverse events of hospital care,
posing a substantial threat to patient safety and burden on society. Hand hygiene with …

Background Health care‐associated infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality.
Hand hygiene is regarded as an effective preventive measure. This is an update of a …

Epidemiologists seek to make a valid inference about the causal effect between an
exposure and a disease in a specific population, using representative sample data from a …

Numerous studies demonstrate that the Hawthorne effect (behaviour change caused by
awareness of being observed) increases health workers' hand hygiene adherence but it is …

In the celebration of the 200th anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birth, we are facing a
pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome …

Background Hand hygiene is monitored by direct observation to improve practice, but this
approach can potentially cause information, selection, and confounding bias, threatening …

Background Observation and feedback are core strategies of hand hygiene (HH)
improvement. Direct overt observation is currently the gold standard method. Observation …

Background Using personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of several fundamental
measures to prevent the transmission of infection and infectious diseases and is particularly …

Objectives: To evaluate a type five electronic monitoring system (EMS) for hand hygiene
(HH) adherence with respect to accuracy and ability to avoid the Hawthorne effect. Design …

Aims and objectives The rates of healthcare‐associated infections are high around the
world. Hand hygiene is considered the most effective measure to reduce the transmission of …