Crustacean aquaculture, dominated by shrimp, is a highly profitable food‐producing sector
in the world. However, a variety of biotic and abiotic stressors can have adverse effect on the …

Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

The innate immune system in insects is composed of a large variety of specific and non‐
specific responses that are activated in response to the presence of foreign agents. One …

Pest profiles in today's global food production system are continually affected by climate
change and extreme weather. Under varying climatic conditions, plant-parasitic nematodes …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

Pathogens have always been a major cause of human mortality, so they impose strong
selective pressure on the human genome. Data from population genetic studies, including …

Ecological immunology and disease ecology are two relatively young disciplines that apply
ecological approaches and principles to traditionally non‐ecological fields. In both cases, an …

Characteristics of hosts and parasites have a genetic basis, and thus can be shaped by
coevolution. Infections measured under laboratory conditions have shown that the …

Ecoimmunologists aim to understand the costs, benefits, and net fitness consequences of
different strategies for immune defense. 2. Measuring the fitness consequences of immune …

Humans are changing the environmental conditions of our planet, and animal immune
functions are being affected by these modifications. For instance, a diversity of chemical …