Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists,
apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it …

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) are enzymes that
generate superoxide or hydrogen peroxide from molecular oxygen utilizing NADPH as an …

The presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules, known as cross-
presentation, is essential for the initiation of CD8+ T cell responses. In vivo, cross …

The primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) include many genetic disorders that affect
different components of the innate and adaptive responses. The number of distinct genetic …

Recognition of microbial pathogens and dead cells and their phagocytic uptake by
specialized immune cells are essential to maintain host homeostasis. Phagosomes undergo …

Dendritic cells are at the center of immune responses. They are defined by their ability to
sense the environment, take up and process antigen, migrate to secondary lymphoid …

The cellular formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) represents an evolutionary ancient
antimicrobial defense system against microorganisms. The NADPH oxidases (NOX), which …

The spleen plays an integral protective role against encapsulated bacterial infections. Our
understanding of the associated mechanisms is limited to thymus-independent (TI) antibody …

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that thrives inside host
macrophages. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to exploit and manipulate metal cation …

Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniases, is an intracellular parasite of
macrophages, transmitted to humans via the bite of its sand fly vector. This protozoan …