Myriad biological processes proceed through states that defy characterization by
conventional atomic-resolution structural biological methods. The invisibility of these …

Hemes remain one of the most visible and versatile classes of cofactors utilized in biology. 1
Since their discovery, the structural and functional aspects of heme proteins have fascinated …

▪ Abstract In order to solve the immensely difficult protein-folding problem, it will be
necessary to characterize the barriers that slow folding and the intermediate structures that …

Equilibrium and kinetic hydrogen exchange experiments show that cytochrome c is
composed of five foldon units that continually unfold and refold even under native …

To examine the relationship between protein structural dynamics and measurable hydrogen
exchange (HX) data, the detailed exchange behavior of most of the backbone amide …

The kinetic folding of ribonuclease H was studied by hydrogen exchange (HX) pulse
labeling with analysis by an advanced fragment separation mass spectrometry technology …

Two fundamentally different views of how proteins fold are now being debated. Do proteins
fold through multiple unpredictable routes directed only by the energetically downhill nature …

The ability of the GroEL chaperonin to unfold a protein trapped in a misfolded condition was
detected and studied by hydrogen exchange. The GroEL-induced unfolding of its substrate …

To understand the structural basis of biology, it is necessary to understand the
transformations of macromolecules during functional cycles. These changes can involve …

Analysis of the kinetics of hydrogen exchange in biological macromolecules is a powerful
method for studying both their structural and dynamic properties. This arises from our …