Almost 60 years have passed since the initial discovery by Hubel and Wiesel that changes
in neuronal activity can elicit developmental rewiring of the central nervous system (CNS) …

BACKGROUND The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons, each of which makes
thousands of synaptic connections. Although individual neurons can themselves be …

Stroke induces a plastic state in the brain. This period of enhanced plasticity leads to the
sprouting of new axons, the formation of new synapses and the remapping of sensory-motor …

Developing sensory circuits exhibit different patterns of spontaneous activity, patterns that
are related to the construction and refinement of functional networks. During the …

Microglia are the resident CNS immune cells and active surveyors of the extracellular
environment. While past work has focused on the role of these cells during disease, recent …

An essential feature of vertebrate neural development is ensheathment of axons with myelin,
an insulating membrane formed by oligodendrocytes. Not all axons are myelinated, but …

The morphological and functional development of the vertebrate nervous system is initially
governed by genetic factors and subsequently refined by neuronal activity. However …

The hippocampal formation can encode relative spatial location, without reference to
external cues, by the integration of linear and angular self-motion (path integration) …

The mouse visual system serves as an accessible model to understand mammalian circuit
wiring. Despite rich knowledge in retinal circuits, the long-range connectivity map from …

Patterned, spontaneous activity occurs in many developing neural circuits, including the
retina, the cochlea, the spinal cord, the cerebellum and the hippocampus, where it provides …