Mammals have two specialized vascular circulatory systems: the blood vasculature and the
lymphatic vasculature. The lymphatic vasculature is a unidirectional conduit that returns …

Angiopoietins 1–4 (Ang1–4) represent an important family of growth factors, whose activities
are mediated through the tyrosine kinase receptors, Tie1 and Tie2. The best characterized …

A combination of extrinsic (passive) and intrinsic (active) forces move lymph against a
hydrostatic pressure gradient in most regions of the body. The effectiveness of the lymph …

Vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) induces lymphangiogenesis via VEGF
receptor 3 (VEGFR3), which is encoded by the most frequently mutated gene in human …

Solid tumors require blood vessels for growth and dissemination, and lymphatic vessels as
additional conduits for metastatic spread. The identification of growth factor receptor …

The lymphatic vasculature constitutes a highly specialized part of the vascular system that is
essential for the maintenance of interstitial fluid balance, uptake of dietary fat, and immune …

Angiopoietins (ANGPTs) are ligands of the endothelial cell receptor TIE2 and have crucial
roles in the tumour angiogenic switch. Increased expression of ANGPT2 relative to ANGPT1 …

Lymphangiogenesis, the growth of lymphatic vessels, is essential in embryonic
development. In adults, it is involved in many pathological processes such as lymphedema …

Angiopoietin-2 (ANG2) regulates blood vessel remodeling in many pathological conditions
through differential effects on Tie2 signaling. While ANG2 competes with ANG1 to inhibit …

Endothelial cells that form the inner layer of blood and lymphatic vessels are important
regulators of vascular functions and centrally involved in the pathogenesis of vascular …