This review reports on the processes associated with costs of reproduction, including some
theoretical considerations, definitions and methodological aspects, followed by a list of the …

We used sets of meta‐analyses to review the evidence of sex‐biased herbivory in dioecious
plants as well as intersexual differences in plant characteristics that might affect herbivores …

A major transition in flowering plants has been the evolution of separate sexes from
hermaphroditism via gynodioecy which is considered to be the most important route. Biotic …

Microorganisms associated with the phyllosphere play a crucial role in protecting plants from
diseases, and their composition and diversity are strongly influenced by heavy metal …

In the last decade, an increasing number of studies have suggested that males and females
of dioecious plants may be differentially affected by competition, herbivory, and parasitism …

Populus cathayana Rehd., a dioecious tree species, is widely distributed in the northern,
central and southwestern regions of China. In poplars, Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. is …

Phyllosphere‐associated microbes play a crucial role in plant–pathogen interactions while
their composition and diversity are strongly influenced by drought stress. As dioecious plant …

The genus Salix (willow) contains a number of species of great value as biomass crops.
Efforts to breed varieties with improved biomass yields and resistances to pests and …

Dioecious plants can exhibit sexual dimorphism across a suite of plant traits, including
susceptibility to herbivory and secondary chemistry. One hypothesis is that because of …

Most studies of sex determination systems in plants involve dioecious annuals that have
known sex chromosomes. Despite the absence of such structures in the majority of …