Availability of artificial light and light-emitting devices have altered human temporal life,
allowing 24-hour healthcare, commerce and production, and expanding social life around …

Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to
humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an …

Melatonin, N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine, an evolutionally old molecule, is produced by the
pineal gland in vertebrates, and it binds with high affinity to melatonin receptors, which are …

Evidence is accumulating regarding the importance of circadian core oscillators, several
associated factors, and melatonin signaling in the maintenance of health. Dysfunction of …

Daily rhythms in physiological and behavioral processes are controlled by a network of
circadian clocks, reset by inputs and delivering circadian signals to the brain and peripheral …

The expression of 'clock'genes occurs in all tissues, but especially in the suprachiasmatic
nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus, groups of neurons in the brain that regulate circadian …

In mammals, the circadian clocks network (central and peripheral oscillators) controls
circadian rhythms and orchestrates the expression of a range of downstream genes …

Living organisms show seasonality in a wide array of functions such as reproduction,
fattening, hibernation, and migration. At temperate latitudes, changes in photoperiod …

Virtually all species have developed cellular oscillations and mechanisms that synchronize
these cellular oscillations to environmental cycles. Such environmental cycles in biotic (eg …

Organisms use changes in photoperiod for seasonal reproduction to maximize the survival
of their offspring. Birds have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms and are therefore excellent …