Cell death is part of the lifecycle of every multicellular organism. Nineteenth-century
pathologists already recognised that organised forms of cell death must exist to explain the …

Aging affects all tissues and organs. Aging of the immune system results in the severe
disruption of its functions, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, an increase in …

Germinal centers (GCs) or analogous secondary lymphoid microstructures (SLMs) are
thought to have evolved in endothermic species. However, living representatives of their …

Follicular helper T cells (TFH) mediate B cell selection and clonal expansion in germinal
centers (GCs), and follicular regulatory T cells (TFR) prevent the emergence of self-reactive …

In order to target threatening pathogens, the adaptive immune system performs a continuous
reorganization of its lymphocyte repertoire. Following an immune challenge, the B cell …

B cell immunity has a penetrating effect on human health and diseases. Therapeutics aiming
to modulate B cell immunity have achieved remarkable success in combating infections …

Neoadjuvant immunotherapy is thought to produce long-term remissions through induction
of antitumor immune responses before removal of the primary tumor. Tertiary lymphoid …

Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized collections of B and T lymphocytes that
arise in nonlymphoid tissue in response to chronic, unresolved inflammation. TLS have …

Germinal centers (GCs) are the site of antibody affinity maturation, a fundamental
immunological process that increases the potency of antibodies and thereby their ability to …

Germinal centers (GCs) are transient structures where affinity maturation of B cells gives rise
to high affinity plasma and memory cells. The mechanism of GC shutdown is unclear …