The world has a complex, three-dimensional (3-D) spatial structure, but until recently the
neural representation of space was studied primarily in planar horizontal environments …

The vestibular organs, located in the inner ear, sense linear and rotational acceleration of
the head and its position relative to the gravitational field of the earth. These signals are …

Place cells are spatially modulated neurons found in the hippocampus that underlie spatial
memory and navigation: how these neurons represent 3D space is crucial for a full …

Visibility is the degree to which different parts of the environment can be observed from a
given vantage point. In the absence of previous familiarity or signage, the visibility of key …

The spatial world is three dimensional (3D) and humans and other animals move both
horizontally and vertically within it. Extant neuroscientific studies have typically investigated …

Deficits in spatial memory are often early signs of neurological disorders. Here, we analyzed
the geometrical shape configuration of 2D-projections of pointing performances to a …

Spatial orientation is based on a complex cortical network with input from multiple sensory
systems. It is affected by training, sex and age as well as cultural and psychological factors …

Testing spatial orientation and navigation should become an integral part of routine
neurological examinations, especially in the elderly. Also desirable are the further …

We investigated how access to the vertical dimension influences the natural exploratory and
foraging behaviour of rats. Using high-accuracy three-dimensional tracking of position in two …

Human perception of 3D space has been investigated extensively, but there are conflicting
reports regarding its distortions. A possible solution to these discrepancies is that 3D …