Dopamine is a prototypical neuromodulator that controls circuit function through G protein-
coupled receptor signalling. Neuromodulators are volume transmitters, with release followed …

Highlights•Striatal dopamine release is mediated by vesicular exocytosis.•Active zone-like
sites are required for rapid and efficient dopamine secretion.•Localized dopamine release …

INTRODUCTION Neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin, exert
powerful control over neural circuit dynamics that give rise to diverse neural function and …

In recent years, the population of neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia
nigra (SN) has been examined at multiple levels. The results indicate that the projections …

The supraspinal descending pain modulatory system (DPMS) shapes pain perception via
monoaminergic modulation of sensory information in the spinal cord. However, the role and …

Pathophysiological damages and loss of function of dopamine neurons precede their
demise and contribute to the early phases of Parkinson's disease. The presence of aberrant …

Somatodendritic dopamine (DA) release from midbrain DA neurons activates D2
autoreceptors on these cells to regulate their activity. However, the source of autoregulatory …

Hilar mossy cells (MCs) are principal excitatory neurons of the dentate gyrus (DG) that play
critical roles in hippocampal function and have been implicated in brain disorders such as …

Pathophysiological changes in dopamine neurons precede their demise and contribute to
the early phases of Parkinson's disease (PD). Intracellular pathological inclusions of the …

Chemical neurotransmission in the brain typically occurs through synapses, which are
structurally and functionally defined as sites of close apposition between an axon terminal …