Neurotransmitters and neuromodulators have a wide range of key roles throughout the
nervous system. However, their dynamics in both health and disease have been challenging …

Cellular signaling networks are the foundation which determines the fate and function of
cells as they respond to various cues and stimuli. The discovery of fluorescent proteins over …

Dopamine (DA) plays a critical role in the brain, and the ability to directly measure
dopaminergic activity is essential for understanding its physiological functions. We therefore …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable optical recording of electrical signals
in the brain, providing subthreshold sensitivity and temporal resolution not possible with …

Dendritic spines mediate most excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system, so their
function must be critical for the brain. Spines are biochemical compartments but might also …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators are emerging tools for monitoring voltage dynamics
with cell-type specificity. However, current indicators enable a narrow range of applications …

Optical interrogation of voltage in deep brain locations with cellular resolution would be
immensely useful for understanding how neuronal circuits process information. Here, we …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable monitoring of neuronal activity at
high spatial and temporal resolution. However, the utility of existing GEVIs has been limited …

Recent progress in fluorescence imaging allows neuroscientists to observe the dynamics of
thousands of individual neurons, identified genetically or by their connectivity, across …

Modern optogenetics can be tuned to evoke activity that corresponds to naturally occurring
local or global activity in timing, magnitude or individual-cell patterning. This outcome has …