Abstract The Klotho proteins, αKlotho and βKlotho, are essential components of endocrine
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor complexes, as they are required for the high-affinity …

Klotho has been recognized as a gene involved in the aging process in mammals for over
30 years, where it regulates phosphate homeostasis and the activity of members of the …

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) was initially characterized as an important
regulator of phosphate and calcium homeostasis. New research advances demonstrate that …

The metabolically active and perpetually remodeling calcium phosphate–based
endoskeleton in terrestrial vertebrates sets the demands on whole-organism calcium and …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an inherently systemic disease that refers to a long-term
loss of kidney function. The progression of CKD has repercussions for other organs, leading …

Background—Patients with kidney disease have disordered bone and mineral metabolism,
including elevated serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23). These …

The term uraemic cardiomyopathy refers to the cardiac abnormalities that are seen in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Historically, this term was used to describe a …

Maintaining a constant level of blood Ca 2+ is essential because of calcium's myriad
intracellular and extracellular roles. The CaSR plays key roles in maintaining Ca 2+ o …

High concentrations of extracellular phosphate are toxic to cells. Impaired urinary phosphate
excretion increases serum phosphate level and induces a premature-ageing phenotype …

Calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium homeostasis is altered in chronic kidney disease
(CKD). Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypermagnesemia are not seen until …