Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacterium that is well known for its ability to differentiate
into metabolically inactive spores that are highly resistant to environmental stresses. In fact …

Movement over an agar surface via swarming motility is subject to formidable challenges not
encountered during swimming. Bacteria display a great deal of flexibility in coping with these …

Bacterial flagellar motility is among the most extensively studied physiological systems in
biology, but most research has been restricted to using the highly similar Gram-negative …

In the natural environment bacteria predominantly live adhered to a surface as part of a
biofilm. While many of the components needed for biofilm assembly are known, the …

In the human intestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile, flagella promote adherence to
intestinal epithelial cells. Flagellar gene expression also indirectly impacts production of the …

Swarming motility is the movement of bacteria over a solid surface powered by rotating
flagella. The expression of flagellar biosynthesis genes is governed by species‐specific …

Flagella propel bacteria during both swimming and swarming, dispersing them widely.
However, while swimming bacteria use chemotaxis to find nutrients and avoid toxic …

The two-component system DegSU of Bacillus subtilis controls more than one hundred
genes involved in several different cellular behaviours. Over the last four decades, the …

One of the emerging biopolymers that are currently under active investigation is bacterial
poly (γ‐glutamic acid)(γ‐PGA). However, before its full industrial exploitation, a substantial …

Synthesis of the bacterial flagellum is a complex process involving dozens of structural and
regulatory genes. Assembly of the flagellum is a highly-ordered process, and in most …