The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has emerged as a prominent
factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer. Th17 cells are vital for host defense against …

The clinical relevance of the host immune system in breast cancer has long been
unexplored. Studies developed over the past decade have highlighted the biological …

Importance The presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is a favorable prognostic
factor in breast cancer, and TILs may synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint …

The advent of HER2-directed therapies has significantly improved the outlook for patients
with HER2-positive early stage breast cancer. However, a significant proportion of these …

The outcome of chemotherapy can be influenced by the host immune system at multiple
levels. Chemotherapy can kill cancer cells by causing them to elicit an immune response or …

T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a complex and controversial role in tumor immunity and have
been found to exhibit a fluctuating identity within the context of cancer. The recent …

Abstract T helper 17 (TH17) cells have well-described roles in autoimmune disease. Recent
evidence suggests that this effector T cell subset is also involved in tumour immunology and …

Many advanced tumors produce excessive amounts of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-
β) which, in normal epithelial cells, is a potent growth inhibitor. However, in oncogenically …

Inflammation appears to be a necessity for both metastasis and elimination of tumor cells. IL-
17, a proinflammatory cytokine produced by Th17 cells, contributes to both the processes by …

The inflammatory process contributes to immune tolerance as well as to tumor progression
and metastasis. By releasing extracellular signals, cancerous cells constantly shape their …