The impact of an object on a granular solid is an ubiquitous phenomenon in nature, the
scale of which ranges from the impact of a raindrop onto sand all the way to that of a large …

Understanding the response of granular matter to intrusion of solid objects is key to
modelling many aspects of behaviour of granular matter, including plastic flow. Here we …

Resistive force theory (RFT) is often used to analyze the movement of microscopic
organisms swimming in fluids. In RFT, a body is partitioned into infinitesimal segments, each …

The interaction of intruding objects with deformable materials arises in many contexts,
including locomotion in fluids and loose media, impact and penetration problems, and …

This study presents a scalable three‐dimensional (3D) multiscale framework for continuum‐
discrete modeling of granular materials. The proposed framework features rigorous coupling …

Natural substrates like sand, soil, leaf litter and snow vary widely in penetration resistance.
To search for principles of appendage design in robots and animals that permit high …

When an intruder strikes a granular material from above, the grains exert a stopping force
which decelerates and stops the intruder. Many previous studies have used a macroscopic …

This paper revisits a great number of data from previous studies about the macroscopic force
experienced by either objects moving at constant speed and depth inside static granular …

While the penetration of objects into granular media is well‐studied, there is little
understanding of how objects settle in gravities, geff, different from that of Earth—a scenario …

Understanding the impact and penetration characteristics of non-homogeneous granular
material systems is of great significance for various research work. In this study, a series of …