Abstract 4D printing has attracted academic interest in the recent years because it endows
static printed structures with dynamic properties with the change of time. The shapes …

Abstract 3D printing permits the construction of objects by layer‐by‐layer deposition of
material, resulting in precise control of the dimensions and properties of complex printed …

Final organ size and shape result from volume expansion by growth and shape changes by
contractility. Complex morphologies can also arise from differences in growth rate between …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

Abstract Current Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) devices allow interactive
communications between the users' gestures and the computers. However, extreme …

The purpose of 4D printing is to embed a product design into a deformable smart material
using a traditional 3D printer. The 3D printed object can be assembled or transformed into …

Shape-morphing finds widespread utility, from the deployment of small stents and large
solar sails to actuation and propulsion in soft robotics. Origami structures provide a template …

In recent years, 4D printing has allowed the rapid development of new concepts of
multifunctional/adaptive structures. The 4D printing technology makes it possible to generate …

Programming inflatable systems to deform to desired 3D shapes opens up multifarious
applications in robotics, morphing architecture, and interventional medicine. This work elicits …

After the successful commercial exploitation of 3D printing technology, the advanced version
of additive manufacturing, ie, 4D printing, has been a new buzz in the technology-driven …