Evapotranspiration (ET)—the distribution and partitioning of which is strongly mediated by
vegetation—is central to the water, energy and carbon cycles. In this Review, we examine …

Vegetation greenness has been increasing globally since at least 1981, when satellite
technology enabled large-scale vegetation monitoring. The greening phenomenon, together …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Arctic warming can influence tundra ecosystem function with consequences for climate
feedbacks, wildlife and human communities. Yet ecological change across the Arctic tundra …

Vegetation composition shifts, and in particular, shrub expansion across the Arctic tundra
are some of the most important and widely observed responses of high-latitude ecosystems …

As the Arctic warms, vegetation is responding, and satellite measures indicate widespread
greening at high latitudes. This 'greening of the Arctic'is among the world's most important …

Satellite data show increasing leaf area of vegetation due to direct factors (human land-use
management) and indirect factors (such as climate change, CO2 fertilization, nitrogen …

Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75° C, far outpacing the global average,
while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2° …

Vegetation 'greenness' characterized by spectral vegetation indices (VIs) is an integrative
measure of vegetation leaf abundance, biochemical properties and pigment composition …