Chloroquine (CQ) and its hydroxylated analog, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), are 4-
aminoquinoline initially used as an antimalarial treatment. CQ and HCQ (4-aminoquinoline …

Sumatriptan is the first available medication from triptans family that was approved by the US
Food and Drug Administration for migraine attacks and cluster headaches in 1991. Most of …

Although neuronal Toll‐like receptors (TLRs)(eg, TLR2, TLR3, and TLR7) have been
implicated in itch sensation, the roles of keratinocyte TLRs in chronic itch are elusive …

Chloroquine (CQ) is an antimalarial drug that elicits severe pruritus in black Africans with
malaria fever. This acute itching (2–7 days duration) exhibits age dependency and a racial …

Morphine is one of the most commonly used and effective analgesic drugs in clinical
practice. Morphine injected directly into the epidural and subarachnoid space acts directly …

Chloroquine (CQ) induces histamine‐independent itch in human and mice. We recently
reported the role of intradermal nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway …

Introduction: In many types of itch, the interaction between immune system cells,
keratinocytes, and sensory nerves involved in the transmission of itch is quite complex …

Background: Metformin ameliorates non-histamine-mediated itch. We have recently reported
that the nitric oxide (NO) pathway is involved in chloroquine (CQ)-induced scratching …

Abstract Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in itch and impaired
serotonin signaling has been linked to a variety of itch conditions. Intradermal injection of 5 …

(1) Background: Uremic pruritus (UP) is a common and taxing symptom in patients on
maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). We have previously shown that blood lead levels (BLLs) …