Cytokines are among the most important effector and messenger molecules in the immune
system. They profoundly participate in immune responses during infection and inflammation …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal
tract. Cytokine-targeted therapies have transformed the treatment of IBD, providing control of …

The small intestine contains CD4+ CD8αα+ double-positive intraepithelial lymphocytes (DP
IELs), which originate from intestinal CD4+ T cells through down-regulation of the …

Programs defining tissue-resident macrophage identity depend on local environmental
cues. For alveolar macrophages (AMs), these signals are provided by immune and …

Highly pathogenic human respiratory coronaviruses cause acute lethal disease
characterized by exuberant inflammatory responses and lung damage. However, the factors …

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has many more functions
than its original in vitro identification as an inducer of granulocyte and macrophage …

Research over the last 7 years has led to the formal identification of innate lymphoid cells
(ILCs), increased the understanding of their tissue distribution and has established essential …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal
inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis …

The barrier surfaces of the gastrointestinal tract are in constant contact with various
microorganisms. Cytokines orchestrate the mucosal adaptive and innate immune cells in the …

Type 1, 2, and 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as tissue-resident innate
correlates of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cells. Recent studies suggest that ILCs are …