The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered to be part of the endocrine
system regulating water and electrolyte balance, systemic vascular resistance, blood …

Microglia can transform into proinflammatory/classically activated (M1) or anti-inflammatory/
alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes following environmental signals related to …

Dopamine (DA) is one of the major neurotransmitters and participates in a number of
functions such as motor coordination, emotions, memory, reward mechanism …

We examined cell type-specific expression and distribution of rat brain angiotensin-
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in the rodent brain. ACE2 is …

Overactivity of the angiotensin-type-1 receptor (AT1)/NADPH-oxidase axis enhances aging
processes, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The role of AT2 receptors in the …

The exact mechanism of gut dysfunction in Parkinson's disease and, conversely, the role of
gut pathology in brain dopaminergic degeneration are controversial. We investigated the …

Angiotensin II (AII) plays a major role in the progression of inflammation and NADPH-
derived oxidative stress (OS) in several tissues. The brain possesses a local angiotensin …

The neurotoxin MPTP reproduces most of the biochemical and pathological hallmarks of
Parkinson's disease. In addition to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a …

The loss of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein accumulation are major hallmarks of
Parkinson's disease (PD), and it has been suggested that a major mechanism of α-synuclein …

Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was classically considered as a circulating
system that regulates blood pressure, many tissues are now known to have a local RAS …