The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are components of the innate immune system that respond to
exogenous infectious ligands (pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs) and …

Alcohol consumption is an integral part of daily life in many societies. The benefits
associated with the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages come at an enormous …

Although women appear to be more vulnerable to alcohol-induced pathophysiology than
men, the neurobiological basis for sex differences is largely unknown, partially because …

The recent focus on drug abuse in women has brought attention to numerous differences
between women and men. In this review, we discuss both preclinical and clinical findings of …

Alcohol use disorder remains a substantial social, health, and economic problem and
problem drinking levels in women have been increasing in recent years. Understanding …

Background Alcohol use disorder is characterized by compulsive alcohol intake, or drinking
despite negative consequences. Previous studies have shown that female rodents have a …

Although both the human and animal literatures are notable for the general lack of attention
paid to possible sex differences in drug self-administration behavior, evidence is …

Sex hormones play an important role in establishing sex‐distinctive brain structural and
functional variations that could contribute to the sex differences in alcohol consumption …

The mechanisms underlying predisposition to alcohol abuse and alcoholism are poorly
understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of cannabinoid (CB1) receptors in (i) …