The bone tissue engineering approach for treating large bone defects becomes necessary
when the tissue damage surpasses the threshold of the inherent regenerative ability of the …

Insulin resistance is a systemic disorder that affects many organs and insulin-regulated
pathways. The disorder is characterized by a reduced action of insulin despite increased …

The insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2 are key targets of the insulin receptor
tyrosine kinase and are required for hormonal control of metabolism. Tissues from insulin …

Macrophages are able to polarize to proinflammatory M1 or alternative M2 states with
distinct phenotypes and physiological functions. How metabolic status regulates …

The signalling pathways utilised by insulin receptor (IR) and IGF receptor to transduce their
diverse effects on cellular metabolism, growth and survival are well established in broad …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of metabolic
and nutrient cues that integrates environmental inputs into downstream signaling pathways …

Hepatic insulin resistance is recognized as a driver of type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease
but specific therapies are lacking. Here we explore the potential of human induced …

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors utilize common phosphoinositide 3-
kinase/Akt and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways to mediate a …

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal–regulated kinase 2
(ERK2) is ubiquitously expressed in mammalian tissues and is involved in a wide range of …

Insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 (IRS1/2) mediate mitogenic and antiapoptotic signaling
from insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-IR), insulin receptor (IR), and other …