This work represents the modern state of research on schooling behavior in fish, its basic
patterns, and causal mechanisms. We consider the occurrence of schooling in fish, the …

Successful feeding and escape behaviors in fishes emerge from precise integration of
locomotion and feeding movements. Fishes inhabit a wide range of habitats, including still …

Predators and food are the keys to understanding fish shoals; synchronised co-operation
defeats predators, and optimal food gathering in shoals reflects a shifting balance between …

Schools of fish, flocks of birds, and swarms of insects are examples of three-dimensional
aggregation. Covering both invertebrate and vertebrate species, the authors investigate this …

Fish assemblages of temperate lakes are structured primarily by an interaction between
piscivory and a small number of environmental variables, but tropical floodplain …

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of artificial light of variable intensity and
wavelength on aggregation, phototaxis and photokinesis in the European seabass …

Abstract Naive European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) do not show a fright reaction when
they first encounter the odour of a natural predator (the pike: Esox lucius) or the odour of a …

Four sympatric species of whales in the genus Balaenoptera were studied May 1983–April
1986 in the Canal de Ballenas, Gulf of California, Mexico. Most data were collected on the …

Understanding how angling catch rates vary between environments is of interest from
ecological and fisheries management perspectives, but this has rarely been investigated in …

One of the most fundamental components of predator–prey models is encounter rate,
modelled as the product of prey density and search efficiency. Encounter rates have …