For centuries, ecologists and evolutionary biologists have used images such as drawings,
paintings and photographs to record and quantify the shapes and patterns of life. With the …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …

Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

Natural history collections are yielding more information as digitization brings specimen data
to researchers, connects specimens across museums, and as new technologies allow for …

Shark populations have been decimated in recent decades because of overfishing and
other anthropogenic stressors; however, the long-term impacts of such changes in marine …

Planktonic foraminiferal species identification is central to many paleoceanographic studies,
from selecting species for geochemical research to elucidating the biotic dynamics of …

Understanding the long-term effects of ongoing global environmental change on marine
ecosystems requires a cross-disciplinary approach. Deep-time and recent fossil records can …

Morphometrics has become an indispensable component of the statistical analysis of size
and shape variation in biological structures. Morphometric data have traditionally been …

Over the last 50 years, access to new data and analytical tools has expanded the study of
analytical paleobiology, contributing to innovative analyses of biodiversity dynamics over …

Direct observations of marine ecosystems are inherently limited in their temporal scope. Yet,
ongoing global anthropogenic change urgently requires improved understanding of long …