The role of X-inactivation is often ignored as a prime cause of sex differences in disease.
Yet, the way males and females express their X-linked genes has a major role in the …

Abstract Purpose of the Review This review summarizes sex-related changes in the heart
and vasculature that occur with aging, both in the presence and absence of cardiovascular …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are predominantly an aging disease. Important sex-specific
differences exist and the mechanism (s) by which this sex-by-age interaction influences CVD …

Background Whether cardiovascular (CV) disease risk factors and biomarkers associate
differentially with heart failure (HF) risk in men and women is unclear. Objectives The …

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal disorder caused by α-galactosidase A deficiency,
resulting in the accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb-3) and its metabolite …

Male and female aortic stenosis patients have distinct valvular phenotypes, increasing the
complexities in the evaluation of valvular pathophysiology. In this study, we present cutting …

Hypertension is a globally prevalent pathological condition and an underlying risk factor for
the development of cardiac hypertrophy leading to heart failure. Myocyte enhancer factor 2 …

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) exhibits a sex bias, being more
common in women than men, and we hypothesize that mitochondrial sex differences might …

The development of organ fibrosis has garnered rising attention as multiple diseases of
increasing and/or high prevalence appear to progress to the chronic stage. Such is the case …

Background Biological sex is an important modifier of cardiovascular disease and women
generally have better outcomes compared with men. However, the contribution of cardiac …