Cancer is a leading public health problem worldwide. Its treatment remains a daunting
challenge, although significant progress has been made in existing treatments in recent …

Exosomes are the phospholipid-membrane-bound subpopulation of extracellular vesicles
derived from the plasma membrane. The main activity of exosomes is cellular …

The successful clinical application of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric
antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapeutics has attracted extensive attention to …

Dexamethasone (DEX) is the first drug to show life-saving efficacy in patients with severe
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while DEX is associated with serious adverse …

Exosome is a subgroup of extracellular vesicles, which has been serving as an efficient
therapeutic tool for various diseases. Engineered exosomes are the sort of exosomes …

The immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy has revolutionized the field of cancer
treatment, while low response rates and systemic toxicity limit its clinical outcomes. With the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by living
cells that are involved in many physiological and pathological processes as intermediaries …

Tumor cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as mediators of
intercellular communication in the tumor microenvironment. EVs contain a host of bioactive …

Primary tumors actively and specifically prime pre-metastatic niches (PMNs), the future sites
of organotropic metastasis, preparing these distant microenvironments for disseminated …

Although immunotherapy harnessing activity of the immune system against tumors has
made great progress, the treatment efficacy remains limited in most cancers. Current …