This is a brief overview of physiological reactions, limitations, and pathophysiological
mechanisms associated with human breath-hold diving. Breath-hold duration and ability to …

The purpose of this review is to outline the physiological responses associated with the
diving response, its functional significance, and its cardiorespiratory control. This review is …

After a short historical account, and a discussion of Hill and Meyerhof's theory of the
energetics of muscular exercise, we analyse steady-state rest and exercise as the condition …

The effect of the diving response on alveolar gas exchange was investigated in 15 subjects.
During steady-state exercise (80 W) on a cycle ergometer, the subjects performed 40-s …

Increased hematocrit (Hct) attributable to splenic contraction accompanies human apneic
diving or apnea with face immersion. Apnea also causes heart rate reduction and peripheral …

Competitive breath-hold divers use glossopharyngeal breathing in order to increase their
performance. Glossopharyngeal inhalation (GI) increases the volume of air in the lungs …

To define the dynamics of cardiovascular adjustments to apnoea, beat-to-beat heart rate
(HR) and blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO 2) were recorded during …

New Findings What is the central question of this study? We modelled the alveolar pathway
during breath holding on the hypothesis that it follows a hypoventilation loop on the O2–CO2 …

Competitive breath‐hold divers try to achieve maximum times, depths, or distances
underwater, thereby risking hypoxic syncope. In the present study, the cardiorespiratory …

A plethora of neural centers in the central nervous system control the fundamental
respiratory pattern. This control is ensured by neurons that act as pacemakers, modulating …