Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is an early-stage cancer without invasion into
the detrusor muscle layer. Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) is a diagnostic …

Urothelial bladder cancer (UC) is the most common malignancy involving the urinary system
and represents a significant health problem. Immunotherapy has been used for decades for …

The prognostic impact of program death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression still needs to be
defined in urothelial carcinoma (UC). In this study, we report that PD-L1 is widely expressed …

Both cancer‐related inflammation and tumor‐induced immune suppression are associated
with expansion of myeloid cell subsets including myeloid‐derived suppressor cells …

Intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) effectively treats transitional cell
carcinoma of the bladder. Occasionally, BCG infection complicates such treatment. In some …

ABSTRACT The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the oldest cancer
immunotherapeutic agent in use. Despite its effectiveness, its initial mechanisms of action …

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of bladder urothelial
cancers and have wide application in almost all disease states. Although several drugs have …

Abstract Purpose of Review Until recently, effective treatment options for patients with
advanced urothelial carcinoma were limited to platinum-based chemotherapy. In the post …

The treatment of genitourinary malignancies has dramatically evolved over recent years.
Renal cell carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, and prostate adenocarcinoma are …

Bladder cancer, a common malignancy of the urinary system, is routinely treated with
radiation, chemotherapy, and surgical excision. However, these strategies have inherent …