▪ Abstract The pollination of flowering plants by animals represents a critical ecosystem
service of great value to humanity, both monetary and otherwise. However, the need for …

▪ Abstract Floral evolution has often been associated with differences in pollination
syndromes. Recently, this conceptual structure has been criticized on the grounds that …

Abstract Background and Aims 'Pollination syndromes' are suites of phenotypic traits
hypothesized to reflect convergent adaptations of flowers for pollination by specific types of …

Flowers and the organs that compose them fulfill a number of ecological functions over their
lifetimes he remarkable diversity of flowers has a profound impact on humankind. Flower …

Floral phenotypes may be as much the result of selection for avoidance of some animal
visitors as selection for improving the interaction with better pollinators. When specializing …

The assumption that flowers readily evolve specializations for pollination by particular
animals has been central to a standard view of pollinator‐mediated adaptive divergence in …

We compared pollen removal and deposition by hummingbirds and bumblebees visiting
bird‐syndrome Penstemon barbatus and bee‐syndrome P. strictus flowers. One model for …

The 'most effective pollinator principle'implies that floral characteristics often reflect
adaptation to the pollinator that transfers the most pollen, through a combination of high rate …

The contribution of a pollinator toward plant fitness (ie, its “effectiveness”) can determine its
importance for the plant's evolutionary ecology. We compared pollinators in a population of …

Floral phenotype and pollination system of a plant may be influenced by the abiotic
environment and the local pollinator assemblage. This was investigated in seven plant …