Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease of children caused by more
than 20 types of enteroviruses, with most cases recovering spontaneously within …

Pathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites continue to shape our lives in
profound ways every day. As we have learned to live in parallel with pathogens, we have …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern
in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most …

Viruses as obligate intracellular parasites require their host to replicate them and to facilitate
their spread to others. In humans, viral infections are rarely lethal, even if they are highly …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial for the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune
responses. When encountering immune stimulus such as bacterial and viral infection …

Innate immune receptors sense nucleic acids derived from viral pathogens or self-
constituents and initiate an immune response, which involves, among other things, the …

Human milk contains bioactive components that provide protection against viral infections in
early life. In particular, intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have key regulatory roles in the …

Viruses are essentially, obligate intracellular parasites. They require a host to replicate their
genetic material, spread to other cells, and eventually to other hosts. For humans, most viral …

An archetypal anti-inflammatory compound against cytokine storm would inhibit it without
suppressing the innate immune response. AG5, an anti-inflammatory compound, has been …

Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) has been a major pandemic impacting a huge
population worldwide, and it continues to present serious health threats, necessitating the …