Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus subtype H5N1 has been endemic in some bird
species since its emergence in 1996 and its ecology, genetics and antigenic properties have …

H1N1 (" swine flu"), SARS, mad cow disease, and HIV/AIDS are a few examples of zoonotic
diseases-diseases transmitted between humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are a …

The leading text in the field, this comprehensive book reviews geographic approaches to
studying disease and public health issues across the globe. It presents cutting-edge …

To replicate, viruses must gain access to the host cell's resources. Interferon (IFN) regulates
the actions of a large complement of interferon effector genes (IEGs) that prevent viral …

A new member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, influenza D virus (IDV), was first reported in
swine in the Midwest region of the United States. This study aims to extend our knowledge …

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype have recently
emerged from avian zoonotic reservoirs to cause fatal human disease. Adaptation of HPAI …

Human infections of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus have continued to occur
in China without corresponding outbreaks in poultry, and there is little conclusive evidence …

Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-benefit interventions that prevent the
mortality and reduce morbidity from infectious pathogens. However, the licensed influenza …

The Asian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was first detected in the goose
population of Guangdong, China in 1996. The viruses in this lineage are unique in their …

Please cite this paper as: WHO/OIE/FAO.(2012) Continued evolution of highly pathogenic
avian influenza A (H5N1): Updated nomenclature. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses …